Experts of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women Commend Nepal on Increased Representation of Women in the Public Sector, Raise Questions on the “Chhaupadi” Practice and Women’s Right to Confer Citizenship
The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women today concluded its consideration of the seventh periodic report of Nepal, with Committee Experts commending the State for increasing the representation of women in the public sector, while raising questions on the “Chhaupadi” practice affecting menstruating women and girls, and Nepalese women’s right to confer citizenship to their spouses and children.
Hiroko Akizuki, Committee Expert and Country Rapporteur for Nepal, reading questions on behalf of another expert, commended Nepal for its recent increases in the representation of women in the public sector, increasing over the last decade from just 8 per cent to almost 30 per cent now, with targets to increase this to 35 per cent by 2030.
Another Expert said the Chhaupadi practice forcibly exiled menstruating women and girls from their homes to menstruation huts. Although this practice had been criminalised, its practise continued, and this had resulted in the deaths of menstruating women and girls from animal attacks. What was being done in this area and in the area of period poverty? How could the engagement of men and boys be mobilised against Chhaupadi?
A Committee Expert noted that despite recent amendments to the Constitution, many discriminatory provisions still caused immense hardship to women, girls and their families, particularly when it came to passing on citizenship. Did the State party plan to address this gross violation of women’s rights by repealing several articles in the Constitution, allowing Nepalese women to transfer their nationality to their spouses on equal terms? How would the State party enable stateless children to access social services? Were there plans to ensure universal birth registration in the State party, and to ratify the two United Nations conventions on statelessness?
The delegation said the Government had conducted many programmes in the provinces where practices of Chhaupadi were practised. Ending traditional, harmful practices in society was not easy, and it took time to bring about change. The State had developed Chhaupadi guidelines in 2007 and was developing guidelines for the concept of dignified menstruation.
The delegation said Nepal’s Constitution ensured that women had equal rights to confer citizenship to their children. In January 2025, the Government submitted the citizenship bill to address challenges for individuals and children whose mothers had passed away. If the father’s identity was unknown, citizenship could be granted based on the maternal line. This amendment aimed to confer citizenship to those born to a Nepalese mother outside Nepal’s borders. If the father of a child was not identified, the mother could register her family name at the birth of the child.
Introducing the report, Nawal Kishor Sah Sudi, Minister for Women, Children and Senior Citizens of the Government of Nepal, said the State was proud to have four high-ranking women policymakers of the Government of Nepal in the delegation, as well as Ms. Bandana Rana, as a distinguished Committee Member of this Committee. Since the promulgation of the Constitution, the Federal Parliament had enacted 16 different laws related to fundamental rights, including the rights of women. The State had also made notable progress in women’s political representation and participation, with women holding 34 per cent of seats in the Federal Parliament. The Government also recently appointed its first woman Chief Secretary and the first woman Registrar in the Supreme Court of Nepal in history.
In closing remarks, Ram Prasad Subedi, Permanent Representative of Nepal to the United Nations Office at Geneva, said the dialogue had been wonderful and constructive. The participation of all stakeholders was greatly appreciated. The Government was fully committed to upholding the Convention’s objectives.
In her closing remarks, Nahla Haidar, Committee Chair, thanked the State party for its commitment and political will, and for the constructive dialogue.
The delegation of Nepal was comprised of representatives of the Ministry of Women, Children and Senior Citizens; the Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs; the Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers; and the Permanent Mission of Nepal to the United Nations Office at Geneva.
The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women’s ninetieth session is being held from 3 to 21 February. All documents relating to the Committee’s work, including reports submitted by States parties, can be found on the session’s webpage . Meeting summary releases can be found here . The webcast of the Committee’s public meetings can be accessed via the UN Web TV webpage.
The Committee will next meet at 10 a.m. on Thursday, 6 February to consider the ninth periodic report of Belarus (CEDAW/C/BLR/9).
Report
The Committee has before it the seventh periodic report of Nepal (CEDAW/C/NPL/7).
Presentation of Report
NAHLA HAIDAR, Committee Chair, said the Committee was proud to have Ms. Bandana Rana as a member of the Committee from Nepal.
NAWAL KISHOR SAH SUDI, Minister for Women, Children and Senior Citizens of the Government of Nepal, said the State was proud to have four high-ranking women policymakers of the Government of Nepal in the delegation, as well as Ms. Bandana Rana, as a distinguished Committee Member of this Committee. Nepal remained fully committed to the implementation of the Convention and had made substantial progress in developing a robust legal and policy framework that supported the empowerment of women and girls.
Since the promulgation of the Constitution, the Federal Parliament had enacted 16 different laws related to fundamental rights, including the rights of women. These laws comprehensively addressed women’s rights and reflected the State’s commitment to strengthening legal protections. The Government of Nepal had commenced its sixteenth Periodic Plan (2024/25–2028/29) in 2024, which recognised the critical importance of gender-sensitive policies and prioritised gender equality and women’s empowerment as fundamental pillars of its development agenda.
The citizenship (amendment) bill had been registered in Parliament, aiming to address citizenship challenges for individuals whose mothers had died early or were out of contact. Provisions ensured that if a father’s identity was unknown, citizenship could be granted based on maternal descent. Nepal had ratified the United Nations Palermo Protocol in 2020, and in 2024, an act to amend some of Nepal’s laws had been amended by widening the definition of trafficking to include foreigners and immigrants, and also criminalising human smuggling.
Nepal was the second country in Asia to recognise same-sex marriage. Other legal processes, including marriage and identity cards for sexual and gender minorities, were underway. The Nepal Law Commission, an autonomous research body of the Government, was currently conducting a comprehensive study on discriminatory laws against the rights of gender and sexual minorities to initiate necessary legal reform in this regard. The State had also made notable progress in women’s political representation and participation, with women holding 34 per cent of seats in the Federal Parliament. The Government also recently appointed its first woman Chief Secretary and the first woman Registrar in the Supreme Court of Nepal in history.
Nepal remained committed to combatting gender-based violence and had established women, children, and senior citizen service centres in 1996 as part of a dedicated unit within the Nepal Police to investigate gender-based violence cases effectively. Today, 232 fully functioning centres operated across the country, strengthening Nepal’s law enforcement response to violence against women.
The Government provided free physical and mental healthcare services and protective measures. Currently, 94 government health institutions functioned as one-stop crisis management centres, alongside 21 service centres that served as transit homes, and 276 additional support centres. The Government of Nepal had established long-term rehabilitation centres, one at the national level and another at the provincial level. There were also 10 dedicated rehabilitation centres for victims of human trafficking and 53 community-based safe shelters, operating in collaboration with provincial governments, civil society organizations, and other stakeholders. Over 6,000 community-based networks were actively engaged in the fight against gender-based violence, reflecting Nepal’s strong commitment to protecting vulnerable groups and ensuring justice to the survivors.
Nepal recognised the link between climate change, natural disasters, and gender equality, and had strengthened disaster preparedness to support and protect women, especially in vulnerable communities. The September 2024 floods in Kathmandu and nearby areas saw effective disaster management, ensuring shelter, healthcare, and essential services for affected communities. Nepal continued to integrate gender considerations into national climate policies to build long-term resilience.
Nepal remained committed to ensuring justice for victims of past human rights violations, particularly in cases affecting women. The third amendment to the enforced disappearances enquiry, truth, and reconciliation commission act 2014, approved in August 2024, now explicitly included serious human rights violations in its amendment such as rape and grave sexual violence, intentional or arbitrary killings, enforced disappearances, inhumane or cruel treatment, and torture. A Special Court had been designated to adjudicate these cases and a dedicated investigative unit for sexual violence cases had been established.
Nepal remained steadfast in its commitment to gender equality, women’s empowerment, and social justice. The State aimed to expand access to quality education for girls, particular in rural areas, enhance women’s economic independence, strengthen maternal health and gender-based violence support services, develop gender-sensitive infrastructure, and promote women’s leadership. While challenges remained, the State’s resolve was stronger than ever, and the Committee’s guidance was welcomed.
Statement by the National Human Rights Institution
LILY HAJUR BASNYAT THAPA, National Human Rights Commission of Nepal, said it was crucial to acknowledge progress made by the State. The affirmative actions taken by the Government of Nepal were highly appreciated. Despite constitutional guarantees, Nepal's legal framework still contained critical gaps. Nepalese laws lacked comprehensive definitions of discrimination, particularly around direct, indirect, and intersectional forms of discrimination affecting women. While some protective measures existed, implementation remained inconsistent. A distinct legal provision with a comprehensive definition of discrimination was essential to ensure justice for women facing severe discrimination. More action needed to be taken to strengthen the institutional mechanism, the National Women’s Commission.
The legal prohibition of entrenched harmful practices such as child marriage, Chhaupadi, discrimination against widows, and dowry, continued to persist. The Government of Nepal had expedited its efforts to amend almost a dozen laws to make them compatible with the Palermo Protocol, but it was too late to make amendments to the laws related to human trafficking. Furthermore, women often faced significant barriers in employment and migration. In sectors like tea plantations, where women constituted 80 per cent of the workforce, they lacked adequate maternity protections and faced potential wage cuts during pregnancy. Migrant women workers were particularly vulnerable, experiencing exploitation in destination countries with insufficient pre-departure training and reintegration support. Similarly, critical challenges persisted in sexual and reproductive healthcare. Rural and Madhesi women faced limited access to family planning and safe abortion services. Moreover, a deeply entrenched son preference continued to drive sex-selective practices, with statistics showing 112 boys born for every 100 girls in 2021.
Several critical areas demanded immediate attention. Women faced substantial restrictions in conferring citizenship to children and spouses, unlike their male counterparts. Rural women had limited access to sexual and reproductive health services, and comprehensive sexuality education remained restricted. Indoor pollution where 80 per cent of rural cooking happened without ventilation, caused around 7,500 annual deaths, disproportionately affecting women. The Commission proposed several critical interventions including to enact comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation, establish robust mechanisms for women's protection, strengthen political representation through practical measures, improve migrant worker protections, enhance sexual and reproductive healthcare access, and address systemic gender stereotypes. The Committee was urged to strongly recommend the full and immediate implementation of women’s constitutional and legal rights in line with the Convention and the Committee’s previous recommendations.
Questions by a Committee Expert
HIROKO AKIZUKI, Committee Expert and Country Rapporteur for Nepal, said the Committee commended Nepal for its commitment to fulfilling its obligation and participation in the exchange despite repeated earthquakes and natural disasters. What efforts had been taken to adopt comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation, including a definition of discrimination against women, in both the public and private spheres? How did the State party address cross-cutting discrimination against women, including women with disabilities, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex women, indigenous women, and elderly women, among others? What measures had been taken to ensure the effective implementation of laws? What was the status and content of the special opportunity bill? Were women’s rights organizations participating in the drafting of the bill? What measures had been implemented to enhance women’s awareness of their rights, and the legal remedies available under the Convention? Were human rights being recognised as including the collective rights of indigenous women?
Responses by the Delegation
The delegation said Nepal was doing its best to implement legal reforms with a legal perspective. The State had a plan for an integrated gender-based violence act, which was underway and moving in a positive direction. Nepal’s Constitution provided the framework for fighting all acts of discrimination. The State was aware that there should not be any multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination. Nepal had several special laws which provided remedy for discrimination, including the human trafficking act, the domestic violence act, the sexual harassment at work act, the witchcraft accusation act, the labour act, and the victim crime act, among others, along with the Criminal Code, which provided no room for discrimination on any ground.
At present, there were special opportunity provisions scattered in various laws. It was expected that the special opportunity bill would soon be enacted by the Parliament. There were paid lawyer systems in the court, and more than 41,000 people received these services last year. It was required that for any lawmaking, there should be consultation with stakeholders with all three tiers of Government, to ensure a participatory approach. This would be occurring with the legal aid bill in a few weeks. In 2024, 200 young lawyers were mobilised, with 121 being women, to provide legal aid. The State had begun to have a roster of pro-bono lawyers within the Nepal Bar Association, already this year they had provided 79 victims with pro-bono support, 79 of whom were women. There was no special law concerning the rights of indigenous women, but scattered laws covered these rights.
Questions by Committee Experts
A Committee Expert asked what plans were in place to provide necessary resources to implement the national gender equality policy? Were there plans to establish provincial offices of the National Women’s Commission? What measures had been taken to address recommendations of the National sub-Committee, so it could fully comply with the Paris Principles? There were allegedly issues with financing for the resources assigned to the Ministry of Women; could more light be shed on this issue? How was the budget distributed and how were the issues dealt with? How effective were the decisions taken by the National Women’s Commission? Were their decisions binding?
Another Expert said temporary special measures were essential for ensuring equal opportunities for women in economic and social life. Could more information be provided about the State’s gender quotas? When would a gender equality principle be implemented directly into the Election Code of Conduct? How could temporary special measures be used to mitigate specific discrimination faced by minorities?
Responses by the Delegation
The delegation said the Government was actively implementing the gender equality policy, but faced challenges in this regard, including a lack of resources. Financial resources were being prioritised by the plan. After the federal election in 2017, 16 parliamentary panels were formed to monitor the Government’s work. A division was responsible for monitoring and implementing recommendations from the treaty bodies.
Recently, Nepal had been taking many steps in the area of temporary special measures. In line with the Committee’s previous recommendations, the Government had enacted temporary special measures to accelerate women’s participation at all levels, particularly in the decision-making processes. One of the most notable achievements had been the gender balance in leadership at the highest level of the Government. It was mandated that the House of Representatives needed to include at least one woman. At the recent elections of the local level, it was mandated that at least one nominee for the position of Mayor or Deputy Mayor should be a woman. In the 2022 elections, over 40 per cent of women were elected as representatives, a notable improvement from the 2017 elections. In the Office of the Prime Minister, there was a committee to facilitate the recommendations of the National Human Rights Commission.
Nepal had seven provinces and budgets were allocated at federal, provincial and local levels. The budget at the federal level was a bit low. The proposed civil services bill had proposed initiatives for indigenous women and other minorities. The provincial services act already sought to provide for minorities.
Questions by Committee Experts
A Committee Expert said Nepal had a new opportunity to address historical conflicts in ways which would set an example to other countries in the sub-continent. Despite the reconciliation commission and the commission on enforced disappearances, impunity for conflict-related violations persisted. There should be no amnesty or sentence reductions for rapists. Nepal’s long awaited transitional justice law was adopted in 2024, and the Committee congratulated the State on its many positive elements. But Nepal was encouraged to go further along the women, peace and security agenda. Was Nepal providing reparations for victims of conflict-related sexual violence? Had the law been changed? Nepal was the first Asian country to safeguard the rights of sexual and gender minorities which should be applauded. Nepal’s climate-related gender-based violence was correlated to climate crisis and this should be recognised and included in climate change action plans. How could the laws in Nepal be brought in line with the United Nations treaty on cybercrimes?
The Chhaupadi practice forcibly exiled menstruating women and girls from their homes to menstruation huts. Although this practice had been criminalised, its practise continued, and this had resulted in the deaths of menstruating women and girls from animal attacks. What was being done in this area and in the area of period poverty? How could the engagement of men and boys be mobilised against Chhaupadi? How could the Kumari practices be modernised in line with modern sciences?
A Committee Expert took note that the State party had ratified the Palermo Protocol in 2020. When was full compliance with the Protocol expected? Would the State party consider removing a provision which allowed the judiciary to fine victims if they failed to appear in court? Was the State party planning to change the provision which conflated trafficking with sex work? What steps were being taken to ensure trafficking cases were being dealt with in an acceptable time frame? The Committee noted with concern that the Government continued to impose restrictive age bans for women under 24 seeking domestic work, making them at a higher risk of becoming victims of trafficking. Would the State consider lifting these bans. How were migrant women’s needs addressed in bilateral labour agreements? Was pre-departure training provided for women migrants on labour rights or gender specific challenges?
No progress seemed to have been made to secure the rights of adult sex workers. How and when would the State party formulate a comprehensive policy and legislative framework to ensure the protection of women in prostitution? How would Nepal punish law enforcement officers who targeted sex workers? How would the State support sex workers in leaving the profession and seeking new forms of work.
Responses by the Delegation
The delegation said the Government had conducted many programmes in the provinces where practices of Chhaupadi were practised. Ending traditional, harmful practices in society was not easy, and it took time to bring about change. The State had developed Chhaupadi guidelines in 2007 and was developing guidelines for the concept of dignified menstruation.
Nepal had ratified the Palermo Protocol in 2020, and an act amended in 2024 widened the definition of trafficking. A draft policy and action plan aimed to address several elements of trafficking, including providing for reparations for victims and training for police and judges in human trafficking cases.
The amended law had provided specialised scope to examine the issue of sexual violence, and had provided for a special court for cases of sexual violence. The amendment included the victim-centric approach, and aimed to ensure victims were satisfied with outcomes, including reparations.
Nepalese law did not recognise prostitution. The Nepalese police were taking legal measures to criminalise the clients of prostitutes. The State was aware of the rights of sex workers, which needed to be protected. The 35 day statute of limitations had been abolished and extended to three months. Sex workers were equally entitled to enjoy their rights under the Nepalese Constitution.
The State was in the process of amending the domestic violence act and would consider the aspect of technology-related gender-based violence. Legal reform was not the only means to intervene in harmful practices. For example, the Government, in cooperation with civil society organizations, was dedicated to controlling the exploitation of sex workers. Public awareness campaigns were being launched in the adult entertainment sector, and multiple efforts had been made to reduce the demand for prostitution through the distribution of leaflets and other media. Collaborative efforts were being made in border areas to monitor human trafficking issues.
The Government, in support with partners, was working to implement programmes in the provinces with regard to child marriage, including through declaring “child marriage free areas”.
Questions by Committee Experts
HIROKO AKIZUKI, Committee Expert and Country Rapporteur for Nepal, reading questions on behalf of another expert, said last session the Committee adopted its latest general recommendation on parity in politics. The State party was commended for its implementation of electoral quotas; however, the low numbers of representation were concerning. What measures was the State party taking to address the low representation of women, particularly from minority groups? In the 2022 election, male voters greatly outnumbered female voters. Did the State party take any measures to ensure political literacy, and engagement among women and girls, to encourage their participation in democratic processes?
Nepal was commended for its recent increases in the representation of women in its public sector, increasing over the last decade from just 8 per cent to almost 30 per cent now, with targets to increase this to 35 per cent by 2030. Could current data on the gender breakdown of management and decision-making positions in the public sector be provided, as well as any plans in place to increase these figures? Did the State party have any data on women in board and management positions in Nepal and what was being done to increase these figures? What was being done to protect women human rights defenders in the digital sphere?
Another Expert said despite recent amendments to the Constitution, many discriminatory provisions still caused immense hardship to women, girls and their families, particularly when it came to passing on citizenship. Did the State party plan to address this gross violation of women’s rights, by repealing several articles in the Constitution, allowing Nepalese women to transfer their nationality to their spouses on equal terms. How would the State party enable stateless children to access social services? Were there plans to ensure universal birth registration in the State party, and to ratify the two United Nations conventions on statelessness? Was there a special arrangement in the new proposed bill which addressed Nepalese women married to refugees?
Responses by the Delegation
The delegation said the Government had introduced many special measures to accelerate gender equality. Recently, the Government had introduced issues of intersectional disparity, with bills drafted in this regard. Currently, the level of Nepalese female diplomats was low. The Government had taken steps last year to foster inclusivity in international representation, to encourage more diverse representation in foreign engagement. Nepal’s Constitution ensured that women had equal rights to confer citizenship to their children. in January 2025, the Government submitted the citizenship bill to address challenges for individuals and children whose mothers had passed away. If the father’s identity was unknown, citizenship could be granted based on the maternal line. This amendment aimed to confer citizenship to those born to a Nepali mother outside Nepal’s borders. If the father of a child was not identified, the mother could register her family name at the birth of the child.
Nepal’s representation of women in the public sector had significantly improved, and the Government was making efforts to improve women’s participation in the private sector.
Questions by a Committee Expert
A Committee Expert said the Committee had noted with satisfaction significant progress made in the field of education, particularly the act approving compulsory, free education in 2018. The Committee also noted with satisfaction the adoption of the 10-year school education plan to 2032, prioritising female education and gender equality. What measures had been taken to strengthen the institutional capacities of local Governments, including dissemination in local languages? What measures were being taken to ensure access to education for all children, regardless of their caste or citizenship status, including girls of all ethnic or religious groups? The high prevalence of child marriage in certain provinces had resulted in a high dropout rate from schools. What measures were being taken to ensure pregnant and married girls could continue their education?
Responses by the Delegation
The delegation said every citizen had the right to access education. Persons with disabilities had the right to free education and every Nepalese community had the right to receive education in their mother tongue. Nepal had adopted the policy of no discrimination in education, whatever the status of citizens. There were some difficulties with children who did not have citizenship, but it was hoped the citizenship bill, currently under review by parliament, would rectify this issue. The Government had to provide free textbooks and other logistic support under the act on education for all. The central Government was providing around 11 per cent of the total budget to education, with around seven per cent being allocated to local levels. This allocation had been steadily increasing over recent years.
In 2016, the median marriage age of Nepalese women was 17.9; it had now risen to 18.3 years. There were some cases of early marriage, and the State acknowledged this. The legal age of marriage had now been raised to 20. Other measures to combat early marriage included night school, counselling programmes, and youth programmes, which contributed to raising awareness and mitigating this issue.
Responses by the Delegation
The delegation said the Education Act prioritised education for marginalised communities. The State strove to ensure that education was inclusive for children with disabilities. Many scholarships were provided at local levels and there were policies for providing special grants in 2025. A commitment had been adopted which aimed to eradicate discrimination in education.
Questions by a Committee Expert
A Committee Expert commended the State party for policies and legislation in the field of employment, including the labour act, the social security act and the five-year strategic national action plan to 2025 on moving workers in the informal sector to the formal sector. However, there were still discrepancies, including the much lower level of female employment rate, compared to males. What measures had been taken to address the low representation of women in the workforce? What was the timeline for ensuring full payment for women in all sectors? Were enhanced provisions for equal sharing of work for women being envisaged with the new national action plan?
Women made up only around 10 per cent of migrant workers. What was the timeline to remove the ban and preconditions for women going abroad for domestic work? What protection measures were available for women from online harassment? When would the State party amend the law on sexual harassment and ensure justice for women victims and access to legal aid? How many cases of sexual harassment were prosecuted in the past two years and how many convictions were issued? What measures were envisaged to ensure equal opportunities for women and girls, including those with disabilities, in the digital economy?
Responses by the Delegation
The delegation said an employment service centre supported women’s participation in the workforce. Nepal had made substantial progress in reducing the wage gap and promoting equal opportunities, but challenges still persisted. Women were overrepresented in lower sectors and underrepresented in leadership positions. To address these challenges, Nepal was introducing gender responsive policies and conducting leadership training, among other measures. The Government conducted monitoring through regulatory oversight and audits, supported by trade unions and workers. Collaboration was also undertaken with partners, including the World Bank and the International Labour Organization.
Nepal’s five-year national action plan sought to integrate vulnerable groups into the formal economy through skills training and offering opportunities for workers to formalise their employment. The social security scheme provided support to women in the informal sector and assisted them to transfer to formal employment.
Nepal was committed to protecting all its citizens, including female migrant workers. Equal treatment policies were in place for both men and women, prioritising their security and health. Nepal was working closely with destination countries, such as the United Arab Emirates, to ensure the safety of its workers. Nepal was incorporating assistive technology to address the needs of persons with disabilities. Specific programmes were being developed to provide training and employment opportunities for persons with disabilities.
Recently, Nepal had adopted an action plan on business and human rights, which provided a human rights friendly approach for all workers. The State was also implementing the fifth national human rights action plan, which covered employment as a major issue.
The sexual harassment at workplace act allowed for cases of sexual harassment to be reported, and cases could also be reported to the police. However, it was hard for the Government to collect data on this topic. The safe motherhood and reproductive health act also provided paternity leave to fathers. This equally applied to the public and private sectors. The legal provisions were there but people were often not aware of their rights under these acts.
Questions by a Committee Expert
A Committee Expert said since the last review, Nepal had made significant progress in its health policy, particularly in sexual and reproductive health, with the adoption of the national strategy against discriminatory sex selection. However, the maternal mortality rate remained high and there were serious deficiencies in care and health centres. Some women refrained from using contraception unless they gave birth to a male child, putting them at risk of sexually transmitted diseases. The stigma around these diseases and HIV/AIDS prohibited women from seeking timely access to healthcare. What measures did the State intend to adopt to confront these challenges? What would be done to improve maternal mortality and prevent women from contracting venereal diseases and HIV/AIDS? How would it be ensured that women and girls had access to family planning and reproductive health services?
Abortion services were not easy to obtain or affordable for many women. What would be done to ban selective abortions? What mental health and suicide prevention services were available for women in Nepal? Would the invasive treatment of intersex persons be criminalised? Would forced sterilisation be criminalised, including against women and children with disabilities? How would free, prior and informed consent for women be guaranteed, including with respect to abortion?
Responses by the Delegation
The delegation said Nepal had begun a vaccination programme against the human papilloma virus for all women and girls across the country. There were several programmes in place which focused on sexual and reproductive health, including the Safe Motherhood Programme and the Safe Abortion Programme. Any woman could undertake an abortion up to 12 weeks without issue. Safe abortions were available in all seven provinces of the country. The Government acknowledged the importance of mental health support for women. Healthcare providers were provided with training to offer support to women who were navigating fertility issues.
There were inconsistencies between the sexual and reproductive health act and the Criminal Code. Because of this, the process of the amendment of the Criminal Code had been enacted, in line with the safe motherhood act. Dignified menstruation guidelines had been introduced, and work was being done to ensure the school curriculum covered sexual and reproductive health education.
Nepal had no record of cases in regard to forced sterilisation of persons with disabilities. A social service unit programme provided access to free health services for specific groups, including women and girls with disabilities.
Questions by a Committee Expert
A Committee Expert said in December 2024, the National Planning Committee introduced a framework to increase access to social security programmes for those from marginalised groups. However, women in Nepal still faced significant financial challenges when it came to property ownership, obtaining bank loans, and accessing credit. Family benefits such as pensions and social security were often controlled by male family members, leaving women financially dependent. How did the Government monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of laws and policies aimed at eliminating discrimination in economic and social life? What steps were being taken to address the gaps between legal provisions and their implementation? How were women’s equal inheritance and property rights being enforced? How did the Government ensure women from marginalised communities had equal access to economic resources? What measures were in place to ensure single mothers received the social security benefits they were entitled to? How did the Government ensure pensions and other benefits reached the rightful female beneficiaries rather than be controlled by male relatives?
Responses by the Delegation
The delegation said Nepal had launched several programmes for economic empowerment in different areas, with different financial incentives. A programme had supported 90,000 entrepreneurs, with 70 per cent of them being women. The integrated subsidised loan scheme for women entrepreneur development aimed to enhance women’s economic empowerment.
Questions by Committee Experts
A Committee Expert said agriculture contributed to one third of Nepal’s gross domestic product. However, most elements within the sector remained male dominated. What measures had been implemented to ensure equal measures to credit and financial support for women? How was their financial literacy being enhanced? What was being done to introduce agricultural tools specifically for women? How was rural women’s access to information being improved? What steps were being taken to mitigate regional disparities? Indigenous women and girls, including those with disabilities, remained largely invisible. What measures had been taken to collect disaggregated data by sex, location and other factors to fully understand the challenges faced by indigenous women and girls? What was being done to recognise indigenous women as a distinct group in laws and policies, and to address their unique vulnerabilities and exclusion?
Another Expert said Nepal was ranked among the countries most impacted by climate change. Significant rainfall had led to major challenges, including landslides and floods. Could more information be provided on the national action plan 2023? How did it address the negative impact of climate change on women? How did the plan ensure the full and effective participation of indigenous women and recognise their crucial role as caretakers and agents of change?
Responses by the Delegation
The delegation said different financial literacy programmes had been introduced for women in different provinces. In one programme, whenever a girl was born, a bank account was opened and the provincial government would contribute 500 Nepalese rupees a month for up to 20 years to support her education and wellbeing. A programme supported vegetable production and was making technology more accessible to women and girls. The Government of Nepal was committed to implementing the Convention. The national gender equality policy 2027 emphasised gender equality in all areas, including indigenous women. In the House of Representatives, the deputy speaker belonged to an indigenous group, and quotas were in place to ensure indigenous women’s representation in politics.
Nepal was a victim of the climate crisis; the country protected the environment but felt the impact of climate change. Women and indigenous women were disproportionately affected.
Questions by Committee Experts
A Committee Expert asked who was eligible for legal aid and for what legal matters? Did legal aid include representation in court? How did women, particularly those from marginalised communities, learn about the right to legal aid? Was legal aid provided through a gender lens? What measures were in place to provide targeted support to marginalised women facing intersectional discrimination, such as sex workers, to access legal aid? Could non-citizens access legal aid in some circumstances?
Only 52 cases of child marriage were handled by the Nepalese police in 2023. What explained the wide gap between the figures and enforcement? What was being done to protect child brides from being prosecuted? What was being done to eradicate the practice of dowry? Could the delegation clarify the status of gay marriages? How was the safety of inter-caste couples ensured? What legal measures were in place to protect the rights of women in unregistered marriages, such as polygamous marriages?
Responses by the Delegation
The delegation said the free legal aid act had been enacted in 1997. Under the act, low earners, victims of domestic violence, and senior citizens could receive free legal aid. The State was working to change the criteria to ensure more vulnerable groups of people could receive access to free legal aid. Legal aid services included the preparation of documents, pleading in front of the court, and different administrative services. There was no particular law to provide non-citizens with legal aid, but this was a fundamental right for everyone.
Same sex marriage was valid but there was no legal instrument legalising these marriages yet. The State was assessing laws and how they could be reformed to better protect the rights of this community. All marriages had to be registered. There was no discrimination on the grounds of sex when it came to properties; men and women had equal rights. The dowry system had been criminalised by the National Criminal Code. Nepal was committed to having a collaborative approach with civil society and other partners to eliminate harmful practices and sensitise people at the grassroots level. This was a continuous effort.
Closing Remarks
RAM PRASAD SUBEDI, Permanent Representative of Nepal to the United Nations Office at Geneva, said the dialogue had been wonderful and constructive. The participation of all stakeholders was greatly appreciated. Nepal had made significant progress in certain areas, including on the Committee’s past recommendations. While there was a lack of data, there was not a lack of action. The Government was fully committed to upholding the Convention’s objectives.
NAHLA HAIDAR, Committee Chair, thanked the State party for its commitment and political will, and for the constructive dialogue. The Committee would send specific recommendations through for immediate follow-up.
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